1. True Pricing of Meat

True cost pricing is key to the protein transition as helps to internalize environmental and social costs of meat production, leading to shifts from meat consumption to plant-based food, thereby reducing greenhouse gas emissions. What system-level conditions are needed to make true cost pricing of meat both socially acceptable and effective in realizing shifts in food consumption and emissions of CO2?

2. Introducing New Protein Crops

New protein crops can diversify supply and improve sustainability but require systemic changes in agriculture and supply chains to be successfully introduced and scaled. What system-level changes are needed to enable the successful introduction of new protein crops in the food chain?

3. Protein Transition in Healthcare Institutions

Healthcare institutions are significant food service providers whose food policies can influence sustainable protein consumption and reduce food waste, contributing to broader societal transitions. How can healthcare institutions contribute to the protein transition through food policy and procurement and reducing food waste,and what systemic factors influence the effectiveness and acceptance of such interventions?

4. Resistance and Polarisation Around the Protein Transition

Resistance and polarisation can undermine policy effectiveness and delay needed changes, making understanding and addressing these dynamics crucial. What drives resistance or polarisation around the protein transition, and what systemic approaches can help foster societal acceptance and constructive dialogue?

5. Avoiding Negative Global South Impacts

Protein transition interventions in wealthy countries risk shifting environmental and social burdens to the Global South unless carefully managed. To what extent could interventions supporting the protein transition in the Netherlands lead to negative impacts in the Global South — and how can these risks be identified and prevented?

6. Synergy Between Healthy Diets and Climate Mitigation

Aligning interventions for healthier diets with climate goals can create co-benefits, making policies more efficient and socially acceptable. To what extent can interventions aimed at healthier diets – such as pricing, education and product availability – also contribute to climate mitigation, and what systemic shifts are needed to align both goals?

8. Getting Consumers to Choose Plant-Based Products

The protein transition depends on consumers embracing new alternatives. What strategies can effectively foster consumer acceptance and integration of plant-based foods into everyday diets?